Diabetes mellitus is a disease of civilization that affects more than 5% of the world's population. As a result of high blood sugar levels called hyperglycemia, many body systems can be seriously affected, including vision, for which this disease is especially dangerous. In this article, you will learn how diabetes affects vision.Eye diseases caused by diabetes mellitus
As a result of high blood sugar levels, the small blood vessels of the retina can be damaged. Keep in mind that a drop in sugar levels (hypoglycemia) also has an adverse effect on the eyes. This may go unnoticed at first, but in the long run, the changes can lead to various diseases, including blindness.
The most common eye diseases caused by diabetes include diabetic macular edema, retinal vein thrombosis, inflammation of the upper and lower eyelids, cataracts and glaucoma. Risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing eye diseases in people with diabetes include concomitant diseases such as hypertension, kidney failure, and smoking. Since diabetic eye diseases may be unnoticeable at first, diabetic patients should undergo an ophthalmological examination at least once a year, which will increase the chances of early diagnosis and, consequently, effective treatment. People who are diagnosed with diabetes should immediately undergo an ophthalmological examination — it is possible that eye damage has already occurred.Diabetic retinopathy
Apart from diabetic macular edema, diabetic retinopathy is the most common eye disease associated with diabetes. As a result of fluctuations in blood glucose levels (too high or too low), pathological changes occur in the retina of the eye. Untreated changes of this type can lead to visual disturbances, and in the worst case, even vision loss. The most common symptoms of the disease are: deterioration of visual acuity, difficulty seeing in both dark and bright rooms, as well as the appearance of spots (cattle) in the field of vision. However, sometimes the disease does not give any symptoms at first, because they appear only at an advanced stage. For this reason, it is very important that people with diabetes have regular eye exams to help diagnose retinopathy and begin treatment as soon as possible. First of all, the treatment of diabetic retinopathy should be based on the type and severity of the disease. The first step is to stabilize blood glucose levels. At a more advanced stage, procedures such as vitrectomy, retinal laser therapy, and intravitreal injections are used. Diabetic macular edema
The occurrence of diabetic macular edema depends on the duration of diabetes mellitus and is usually a complication of existing diabetic retinopathy. Macular edema in diabetes mellitus occurs as a result of macular ischemia and exudate (fluid entering the retina). Both high and low blood sugar levels, as well as oxidative stress, damage the blood vessels in the central part of the retina.this in turn leads to the destruction of the hemato-retinal barrier and the penetration of fluid and blood elements from the vessels into the retina. If the disease is not noticed at an early stage during a follow-up visit to an ophthalmologist, patients turn to an ophthalmologist due to a significant decrease in visual acuity and blurred vision. The basis of treatment is the stabilization of the underlying disease, that is, diabetes mellitus, as well as other blood parameters such as cholesterol, lipids, liver and kidney parameters, as well as blood pressure and BMI (body mass index). The methods used to treat macular edema are divided into injection, laser and intraocular surgery methods.Glaucoma
Glaucoma can occur in a diabetic patient who has already developed severe diabetic changes in the eyes. If left untreated, it leads to permanent damage and atrophy of the optic nerve, leading to complete blindness. It comes in several forms, which vary significantly in cause, rate of disease progression, and, consequently, treatment methods. A common feature of most types of glaucoma is increased intraocular pressure.. An increase in pressure in the eyeball means a violation of the balance between the production of intraocular fluid filling the eye and the outflow of its excess through the lacrimal corner. The most common classifications of glaucoma are open-angle glaucoma and angle-closure glaucoma. In the first case, we are dealing with a blockage of the drainage channels from inside the eye. In this case, the increase in intraocular pressure is insignificant, and the progression of the disease is slow. Open-angle glaucoma is the most common type of glaucoma and is diagnosed in almost 90% of cases. Unfortunately, for quite a long time, the patient may not notice eye damage and disease progression and consult an ophthalmologist only with significant visual field defects.Cataract
Cataract is a disease known as cataract or loss of lens transparency. It consists in complete or partial clouding of the lens of the eye, as a result of which the patient reports problems with correct vision, and may even completely lose this ability. There can be many causes of this ailment, but the most common is age-related loss of transparency called senile cataracts. In addition, it can also be traumatic, congenital, medicinal, or metabolic. It can also occur during the course of certain diseases, including diabetes. Cataracts cannot be treated pharmacologically. There are also no ways to protect yourself from it. However, this does not mean that a cataract patient is doomed to vision problems. Modern ophthalmology offers treatment options that allow you to return to full physical fitness, the most popular method is the use of phacoemulsification of the lens. This is the safest medical procedure that millions of people around the world undergo every year, including those suffering from diabetes. Diabetes mellitus, especially in people with poor stabilization of blood glucose levels, leads to a more rapid development of cataracts.Eye damage in diabetes occurs in most patients, so they are periodically referred for examination to ophthalmological clinics. This procedure allows you to identify the lesions at an early stage. By examining the fundus, an ophthalmologist can see and identify any pathologies that arise and refer them for further diagnostic studies. Patients should not underestimate the regular checkups of people with diabetes, especially if any changes have already occurred. Ophthalmological examinations in patients with diabetes mellitus should be carried out at least once a year, unless otherwise prescribed by a doctor.
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